KUALA LUMPUR (BLOOMBERG)- As the Asian financial crisis raged two decades ago, then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad committed economic heresy by rejecting an International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailout and slapping capital controls on global investors.
Tun Dr Mahathir blasted currency traders as "unscrupulous profiteers" in an "immoral" line of work. Billionaire hedge fund manager George Soros, who bet big and won big against the British pound in 1992, returned fire, predicting that the Malaysian leader's policies would be a "recipe for disaster".
Not so, as it turned out. Malaysia's economy contracted but quickly snapped back from the crisis.
Dr Mahathir's controls were defended early on by Nobel laureate Paul Krugman and, with the passage of time, even the IMF and World Bank have warmed up to the measures.
Now 91, Dr Mahathir has not lost any of his disdain for currency traders who drove Malaysia's economy to the brink 20 years ago. "I believe that currency trading should not be a business at all," he said during an interview at his office in Kuala Lumpur, housed in an Arabesque-styled building.
"There's no point in treating a currency like a commodity, devaluing it artificially and causing a lot of poverty among poor countries," Dr Mahathir said.
Back in the late 1990s, the so-called Washington Consensus of unfettered capital flows and free-market capitalism was in fashion - and hot money capital inflows were making life difficult for Asian economies.
In 1997, the Malaysian ringgit plummeted 35 per cent, reserves dwindled and the stock market crashed and lost half its value. Instead of turning to the IMF, the government Economic Action Council, a high-powered group chaired by the prime minister, stepped in to help stabilise the economy.
While other regional countries like Thailand scrapped a dollar peg with its currency, Malaysia adopted one in late 1998. And while regional central banks raised interest rates at the behest of the IMF to defend their currencies, Bank Negara Malaysia resisted, and eventually cut rates gradually from 11 per cent in July 1998 to 5.5 per cent by August 1999.
"They condemned us," former central bank governor Zeti Akhtar Aziz said of investors, the IMF and rating companies when Malaysia ignored recommendations to raise rates. Dr Zeti was appointed acting governor in September 1998, and was tasked on her first day to announce that Malaysia would set limits on foreign-exchange transactions, trapping an estimated US$18 billion of foreign capital for at least a year.
"We looked at it as a circuit breaker, that it could restore stability in the currency markets and overall, other financial markets as well," she said.
Dr Mahathir's heavy-handed approach worked. The fixed currency gave businesses the certainty to plan and invest. After initially contracting 7.4 per cent in 1998, the economy rebounded to grow 6.1 per cent in 1999. Unlike Thailand and Indonesia, Malaysia was spared the painful IMF austerity measures that spurred political chaos, pushed thousands of companies closer to bankruptcy and thrust millions into poverty.
"Mahathir read the mindset of the time correctly," said Mr Song Seng Wun, an economist at CIMB Private Banking in Singapore.
"He understood the psychology, he didn't give in to the fear. He knew that if people lose trust in you, in the central bank, in the ringgit, then you're gone."
But the then Premier also faced plenty of push-back within his own government. Dr Mahathir said it took him a year to convince the special council of Cabinet colleagues and advisers, who met almost daily at his office, to impose capital controls. One of the team members was academic Noordin Sopiee, who provided a 32-point list on why it would not work,
"We had to destroy every one of his 32 arguments," said Dr Mahathir, dressed in a grey, trademark safari suit and peering through his rimless glasses. "I had to find ways of pointing out why they were wrong." What convinced them, he added, was Nobel prize winner Krugman's arguments in favour of exchange controls in Asia. "He is a great economist and all that, so they were convinced by him rather than by me."
Domestic political considerations also played a role in Dr Mahathir's thinking. One of the main reasons for rejecting the IMF and World Bank aid was the fear that the Washington-based lenders would force him to abandon Malaysia's affirmative action policies that have helped keep his ruling party in power for decades.
"When we borrow money from them, the condition they often impose is that they have a hand in the management of the economy of the country, including the finances," he said. "Affirmative action is not something that the World Bank believes in or promotes."
It is a legacy of those policies that may be hindering Malaysia's progress today. Business leaders argue that the affirmative-action programmes impede competitiveness, shackling an economy that has begun to lag those of its peers. The government says the policies are still needed to improve the economic plight of Malays.
Dr Mahathir lays the blame for the economy's current woes at the door of his once-ally and now foe, Prime Minister Najib Razak. The current administration is overburdening the economy by borrowing beyond its means, and corruption is rife, said the former premier and now leading opposition leader. "The current government has borrowed too much money," he said. "When you cannot repay your debts, countries - like Greece - can go bankrupt."
Datuk Seri Najib's press secretary Tengku Sariffuddin said more than 2.2 million jobs have been created in Malaysia in the last six years and the country has had healthy growth amid uncertainty in the global economy. There remains global confidence in the Malaysian economy even as opposition politicians including Dr Mahathir are trying to "sabotage" it for political gains, he said.
Despite his age, Dr Mahathir shows no signs of letting up. He follows a rigorous routine, arriving at his office at 8.30am, greeting an array of visitors, and blogging regularly, often about politics.
He says he is not concerned about his legacy at this point in his life. "I don't care much whether people remember me or not. If people remember, well and good. If they don't remember, it's all right, I'm dead anyway."
